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Journal of Interpersonal Violence
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The Prosecution of Hate Crimes

The Limitations of the Hate Crime Typology

Nickie D. Phillips

St. Francis College, nphillips{at}stfranciscollege.edu

Since the development of bias crime legislation over the past few decades, scholars have debated the merits of the legislation and questioned its enforcement.1 In light of such concerns, this study presents characteristics of all cases prosecuted as bias crimes in a New Jersey county between 2001 and 2004 and applies the hate crime typology originally developed in 1993. Results show that, in this jurisdiction, the typology is an inadequate tool for classifying cases prosecuted as hate crimes. Approximately one third of the cases are unclassifiable according to the typology. Findings indicate that the typology is useful for understanding cases in which bias is the sole motivation but inadequate for application to the many cases in which bias is a peripheral motivation.

Key Words: bias crimes • hate crimes • crime typology • prosecution of hate crimes

This version was published on May 1, 2009

Journal of Interpersonal Violence, Vol. 24, No. 5, 883-905 (2009)
DOI: 10.1177/0886260508317190
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