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Journal of Interpersonal Violence
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The Traumatic Impact of the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks and the Potential Protection of Optimism

Amy L. Ai

Teresa Evans-Campbell

University of Washington, Seattle

Linda K. Santangelo

University of Nevada, Reno

Toni Cascio

University of Maryland, Baltimore

This study examined the impact of the September 11 terrorist attacks on graduate and undergraduate students and the role of optimism in posttraumatic distress. A sample of 457 students who attended courses at three schools of social work (Nevada, Pennsylvania, and Washington) participated in the study. A quarter of them had a known person as an immediate victim of the attacks. Multivariate analysis showed that posttraumatic stress disorder symptom scores were positively related to personal loss and two types of previous trauma reactivated by the attacks, and levels of initial negative emotional response. Optimism and its interaction with personal loss were inversely associated with posttraumatic stress disorder symptom scores.

Key Words: posttraumatic stress disorder • optimism • September 11 terrorist attacks • peritraumatic emotional responses • effects of previous trauma

Journal of Interpersonal Violence, Vol. 21, No. 5, 689-700 (2006)
DOI: 10.1177/0886260506287245
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